(115) found that compared with germ-free mice, the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes in conventional mice significantly decreased after catechin intake, and there was a significant reduction in epididymal fat, liver weight, glucose levels, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels
Interestingly, treatment of patients with creatine supplementation and arginine restriction in the case of GAMT patients does seem to improve certain aspects of their phenotype, although not all concerns are eliminated
TMA and thus TMAO levels can be influenced by limitation of carnitine and cholin, found highly concentrated in foods from animal origin like meat and dairy products, and representing main sources for bacterial TMA production [15]
However, excessive intake may lead to side effects such as gastrointestinal discomfort and potential cardiovascular risks
Effect of oral supplementation with L-carnitine on performance time in a 5000 m race and responses of free fatty acid and carnitine concentrations in trained-endurance athletes